Evaluated the "beyond-IQ" claims of the most notable preschool programs including Head Start and the Consortium for Longitudinal Studies, the Perry Preschool Project, and the Milwaukee Project. Results suggest that preschool programs engender relatively few lasting beyond-IQ effects. The only results that appear reliable across programs are those concerning special education placement and grade retention. Those outcomes, however, are often of small magnitude and are amenable to several interpretations, not all of which require any assumptions about increased social competence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)