Biller, H. B., & Bahm, R. M. (1971). Father absence, perceived maternal behavior, and masculinity of self-concept among junior high school boys. Developmental Psychology, 4(2), 178-181.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0030450
Explores the relationship between perception of maternal encouragement of masculine behavior and masculinity of self-concept in father-absent and father-present junior high school boys. Ss were 10 early father-absent (beginning before age 5) boys, 10 late father-absent (beginning after age 5) boys, and 20 father-present boys. An adjective checklist was used to measure masculinity of self-concept, and a Q-sort technique (Block's Child Rearing Practices Report) was employed to assess perceived maternal encouragement of masculine behavior. Compared to the father-present boys, the early father-absent boys were found to have significantly less masculine self-concepts. For early father-absent boys, but not for late father-absent boys or father-present boys, a significant positive relationship was found between perceived maternal encouragement of aggression and masculinity of self-concept. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)