Goodstein, L. D., Goldstein, J. J., D'Orta, C. V., & Goodman, M. A. (1976). Measurement of self-disclosure in encounter groups: A methodological study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 23(2), 142-146.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.23.2.142
In order to compare the evaluations of self-disclosure from 3 points of view--the sender, the receiver, and a neutral or objective observer--self-rankings and group-rankings of self-disclosure and participation were collected from 11 members (undergraduates) of a weekend encounter group at the end of the last session. After reviewing 10 hrs of tape, 3 independent raters selected a single list of 33 statements, 3 from each, as being the most self-disclosing. J. Block's (1961) Q technique was used to quantify the statements into rank-order form. Rank-order correlations among the self- and group-rankings of self-disclosure and participation were all extremely high, suggesting that these rankings could be used interchangeably in future research. The Q -sort data, however, indicated that the statements judged to be the most self-revealing were produced by Ss who were both self-ranked and group-ranked as low in self-disclosure. Results are interpreted as indicating that the level of analysis of self-disclosure needs to be carefully spelled out, as content analyses yield quite different results from global analyses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)