Stanton, A. H., & Schwartz, M. S. (1954). Institutional needs and their clinical significance. In A. H. Stanton & M. S. Schwartz, The mental hospital: A study of institutional participation in psychiatric illness and treatment (pp. 89-115). New York, NY, US: Basic Books.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10670-007
We have started our analysis of the institution as a whole with a consideration of its several purposes, and have made a partial assay of its achievement. We have noted that the purposes may conflict and that difficulties arise when this occurs, but that the difficulties are always resolved in one way or another. To achieve its purposes the hospital must have a certain stability, and our attention will now turn to the factors which tend to maintain this stability. The requirements for stability are these: a continuing inflow of "supplies" of various sorts; systems of internal integration with techniques to maintain them; and, finally, techniques for change within the hospital itself. In addition there is the necessary community permission to operate, the license, which we mention here only for the sake of completeness, since we have already dealt with it. All these prerequisites for continued operation we shall call "institutional needs." The "supplies" the institution needs are personnel, patients, and many goods and services from the community which we shall consider together under the general heading of income and costs of operation. The internal coordinating systems necessary are a system of education of people who enter the hospital either as patients or personnel, the physical plant, a system of communication, a system of power, and a system of distributing rewards and income. All these are factors which also enter into the behavior of the persons who compose the institution; they differ in nature from the purposes, but are equally compelling and unavoidable. We shall consider them in turn, except that we shall not deal further with education, or with the origins of patients, which are indicated in Appendix E, where the details of the survey of the outcome of treatment are presented. The physical plant will be described in another chapter. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)