Kitson, H. D. (1916). How we reason. In H. D. Kitson, How to use your mind: A psychology of study, being a manual for the use of students and teachers in the administration of supervised study (pp. 118-137). Philadelphia, PA, US: J B Lippincott Company.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10920-007
In reasoning we face a new kind of situation presenting difficulties not encountered in the simpler processes of sensation, memory, and imagery, and when we attempt to substitute these simple processes for reasoning, we fail miserably, for the two kinds of processes are essentially different, and cannot be substituted one for the other. When we examine the mental processes by which we think constructively, or, in other words, reason, we find first of all that there is recognition of a problem to be solved. To make your study effective you must study in problems. After recognition of the problem, our next step is to start vigorous efforts to solve it. If you are going to reason effectively about problems in history, mathematics, geography, it is absolutely indispensable that you know many facts about the subjects. But good reasoning demands more than mere quantity of ideas. The ideas must conform to certain qualitative standards before they may be effectively employed in reasoning. A further characteristic of serviceable ideas is clarity. The third stage of the reasoning process comes when some plan which has been suggested as a possible solution of the difficulty proves effective, and we make the decision; the arguments support or overthrow each other, adding to and eliminating various considerations until finally only one course appears possible. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)