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http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10972-008
Now that we have noted some of the general types of interrelations between reflexes by means of experimental study, let us consider more concrete descriptions of the combinations of larger action units to be observed in the behavior of animals and man. Thus we shall turn from formal principles to concrete pictures. As we return to the study of the behavior of whole organisms, however, we must be reminded of the broader biological view. The activity either of a person or of his pet animal is not after all to be considered as a fact of significance just in and of itself. Activity arises in the interest of living needs. A condition of unadjustment or of maladjustment between the living organism and its environment is the occasion for activity. The needs of particular tissues of the body, as well as of the structural whole, occasion stimulations at receptors which, when transformed into neural streams of energy, awaken motor activities. To the degree in which these resulting activities secure conditions that satisfy the original needs, the behavior is adaptive and successful; but the external or surrounding conditions of life are by no means always propitious, and the organism is forced to take good account of them and act accordingly. In this story the respective roles of intra-organic stimuli that are more immediately connected with the original needs, and of the extra-organic stimuli that serve to guide the animal to those conditions that will satisfy, are complementary. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)