Russell, W. R. (1940). Injury to Cranial Nerves Including The Optic Nerves and Chiasma. In S. Brock (Ed.), Injuries of the skull, brain and spinal cord: Neuro-psychiatric, surgical, and medico-legal aspects (pp. 113-122). Baltimore, MD, US: Williams & Wilkins Co.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/11479-005
Injury to one or more of the cranial nerves is a not uncommon complication of severe head injury. Cranial nerves or their nuclei may be injured by an intra-medullary lesion of the brain stem; more commonly, however, the nerves are damaged as they leave the skull and where a fracture may cause direct injury to the nerve or its blood vessels. Hemorrhage and reaction around a fracture may cause compression of a nerve and, in this instance, the nerve palsy may develop at an interval of one or two days after the injury. Damage may also occur after the nerves have left the skull. Complications of head injury such as increased intracranial pressure, chronic arachnoiditis, or meningitis may also lead to cranial nerve lesions. This chapter is based on a study of 600 cases of head injury which the writer has personally examined. A large proportion of these were examined in the acute stage and again several months after the injury. The following affected areas are discussed: olfactory nerve, optic nerve, optic chiasma, oculo-motor mechanism, trigminal nerve, facial nerve, eighth nerve, the last four cranial nerves (Collet's syndrome), glosso-pharyngealnerve, vagus nerve, spinal accessory nerve, and the hypoglossal nerve. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)