Ladd, G. T. (1902). Classification of the virtues. In G. T. Ladd, Philosophy of conduct: A treatise of the facts, principles, and ideals of ethics (pp. 211-230). New York, NY, : Charles Scribner's Sons.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/13713-010
One of the most suggestive of ethical facts is the pertinacity with which men everywhere cling to a certain twofold division of the kinds of conduct. All conduct is in their judgment to be esteemed either good or bad, either worthy of approbation because it is right, or of disapproval and ill-desert on account of its quality of being wrong. Hence those habits of action which belong to the one class are called virtues; and the virtues have their corresponding opposites, the so-called vices of mankind. This distinction persists everywhere and under all conditions of moral evolution, in spite of all attempts to minimize or explain it away. To its significant truth and exceeding worth in determining all manner of human interests, the language, the customs, and the ethical opinions of men bear an indisputable witness. This chapter examines the following headings: Twofold Distinction of Conduct, Conception of Virtue, The Search for Unification, Different Principles of Classification, Self-regarding and Social Virtues, The Distinction criticised, Classification according to Objects, The psychological Classification adopted, and Unity of the Moral Self. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)