Franz, S. I. (1920). Calculation tests. In S. I. Franz, Handbook of mental examination methods (pp. 127-130). New York, NY, US: MacMillan Co.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14128-008
Although tests of calculation ability are considered by some authors to be mainly tests of the permanency of associations, such a view will hold only for those tests in which simple calculations are made, e.g., those of adding two or three digits, of multiplying digits under ten, etc. The more complex arithmetical problems, however, bring into play other mental processes besides that of association. In a general way it may be said that the calculation experiments are tests of these more complex mental processes and that these processes include much of what is called "thinking" and "judgment" as well as association. Previous tests which have been made have, in fact, often been considered under the heading of "thinking" tests and they may for convenience be grouped under this name. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)