Hazard, R. G. (1866). Of matter as cause. In R. G. Hazard, Freedom of mind in willing; or, Every being that wills a creative first cause (pp. 32-41). New York, NY, US: D Appleton & Company.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/12270-008
All changes in matter must arise from motion in it. Matter cannot move itself, and hence cannot be cause, except by first being in motion. Can it thus become cause? If, with motion, it can become cause, then, though it never could have commenced its own motion, yet, as in considering intelligence as cause, we are obliged to regard it, in the abstract, as a necessary existence, which had no beginning, so we might also suppose that matter had been in motion from eternity, and hence always had in itself causative power. Matter is an instrument, a means, by which one intelligence communicates with, or produces effects upon another, and not a cause of those effects. If matter be cause, its effects cannot affect the freedom of the mind in willing, any more than the effects of intelligent causes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)