Coppens, C. (1891). The specific nature of plants and animals. In C. Coppens, A brief text-book of logic and mental philosophy (pp. 90-105). New York, NY, US: Schwartz, Kirwin & Fauss.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/12012-017
This chapter explores the specific nature of plants and animals. The theses explored in this chapter include: Thesis I. Living bodies cannot originate from nonliving bodies; Thesis II. All plants differ essentially from all animals; Thesis III. All the vital acts of an animal flow from one vital principle; Thesis IV. The vital principle in any living body is truly the form of the body; Theses V. and VI. The brute soul is irrational and therefore ceases to exist when the organism is destroyed; Thesis VII. Plants and brute animals are intended for the use of man; and, Thesis VIII. The species of plants and animals are fixed—i.e., incapable of transformation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)