Shakow, D. (1946). Results—Group studies. In D. Shakow, The nature of deterioration in schizophrenic conditions (pp. 25-58). New York, NY, US: Nervous and Mental Disease Monographs.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14020-004
Despite the danger of generalization and particularly the danger of accepting scores on certain tests as representing ways of psychological functioning, it may be helpful in viewing the problem to sum up the results of these studies of the schizophrenic group. Although there are several special reservations to be made, arising particularly from the differences in "goodness" of control of the normal groups, the following broad picture of patients diagnosed as schizophrenic seems indicated by the present findings to be substantially correct. Intellectually, as represented by performance on a scale such as the Stanford, both as a whole and on vocabulary, there is relatively little disturbance. There appears, however, to be an increased discrepancy in the individual between performance on the total Stanford scale and on vocabulary, in favor of the latter. On a test such as the Alpha, where there is both less direct relationship with the examiner and pressure from him, the lowering in intellectual performance is on the whole greater. However, the disturbance manifests itself primarily in the type of item known as "common sense," which seems to involve a combination of social-practical judgment and conceptual thinking, the ability to abstract essentials. This corroborates a finding which an item analysis of the Stanford scale reveals and is further supported by the findings in Wegrocki's study. On an apperceptive test such as the Kent-Rosanoff, there are indications, both from the "most common" score and from the "composite index," of a relative absence of commonality of response and a predominating number of individual and unusual responses. Corroboration for this is found in the Rorschach test results of low P, low D, and high O percentages. In addition, the low O + per cent and high O per cent, are presumably indicative of a defective practical sense, and the low F + per cent of inferiority in the accurate interpretation of presented material. The motor and learning test results provide a picture of persons who are less steady (probably mainly because of greater variability of effort), relatively slow in self-initiated movement, even more slow in response to external stimulation which requires a high degree of "readiness," and much slower and at the same time much less accurate in learning situations. There does not seem to be any defect in learning itself, once the difference in level is accepted. Although the picture drawn is essentially correct, the brush strokes are broad and here and there blurred. This is inevitable when the distinctions which exist among members constituting a group are disregarded. Several studies have indicated that even the coarse and much-scorned sub-type classification brings out striking differences in function among the types. The question arises as to how far differences in attitude, as represented in cooperation, may account for the above picture. An incomplete analysis of this aspect leads to the tentative generalization that the picture would remain substantially as presented, poor cooperation merely emphasizing the already existing features resulting from the psychosis. The relationships with independent ratings of deterioration lead to the conclusion that high functional level of intelligence, alertness and some degree of controlled imagination are the most important factors, among those studied, which are associated with less pronounced degrees of deterioration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)