Hull, R. L., & Kolstad, A. (1942). Morale on the job. In G. Watson (Ed.), Civilian morale: Second yearbook of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (pp. 349-364). Boston, MA, US: Houghton Mifflin Company.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/13983-017
The purpose of this chapter is threefold: to describe a technique of measuring employee morale and attitudes which is currently being used in business; to present some of the findings resulting from these studies of employee morale; and to suggest certain conclusions as to the nature of employee morale which appear to be evident in the data. Data for these studies have been secured by having all members of the employee populations under consideration anonymously answer self-administering, objective questionnaires containing some sixty to eighty separate questions. These items deal with general attitude toward the company or employer and with attitudes toward pay, hours, working conditions, supervision, the kind of work done, and a variety of other specific aspects of the job situation. Perhaps the most important conclusion to be drawn from the data is that industrial morale as denned here and as measured by the battery of ten questions described is not determined simply by such material considerations as pay, hours, working conditions, vacations, and miscellaneous company benefit plans. The extent to which the employee enjoys the psychological satisfactions that come with recognition of and respect for his own personality, day by day and hour by hour on the job, is equally important. Although this is no new or original observation, it is nevertheless a fact to which business and industry have not given sufficient recognition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)