Gardner, E. F., & Thompson, G. G. (1956). Properties of scores derived from ratings received by each individual in a group. In E. F. Gardner & G. G. Thompson, Social relations and morale in small groups (pp. 78-91). East Norwalk, CT, US: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14471-010
As described in the previous chapter of this book, each member of a group rates the attractiveness of each of his fellow members as possible companions in a well defined social-need situation. Hence each member of the group receives N-i ratings which describe his social attractiveness to his fellow members as a possible companion in this given social-need situation. Indices of social group-structure based on the conventional "nominations" received (similar to our ratings received) are most common. They have been studied extensively in classrooms, summer camps, housing projects, aircraft squadrons, military training schools, industrial settings, and so on. They have been manipulated by a variety of weighting and statistical operations. They have been presented in multiform ways like probability ladders and sociometric targets. They have a fairly well defined meaning and some very commonly assumed theoretical properties. Because of this rich historical background such indices are also of special interest to us. This chapter discusses these indices. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)