Viglione, J., & Taxman, F. S. (2015). Probation and parole. In B. L. Cutler & P. A. Zapf (Eds.), APA handbooks in psychology. APA handbook of forensic psychology, Vol. 2. Criminal investigation, adjudication, and sentencing outcomes (pp. 363-383). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14462-013
Approximately seven million adult offenders are under correctional supervision (Glaze & Parks, 2011), with more than five million under some form of community supervision (Clement, Schwarzfeld, & Thompson, 2011). Probation is the most commonly used form of criminal sentencing in the United States (Petersilia, 1997), with approximately 84% of adults on community supervision or probation and 16% on parole (Glaze & Parks, 2011). Similar trends are present in the juvenile justice system, with the majority of youth also on probation (Chiancone, 2010). Despite the breadth of community supervision in the United States, there is little evidence that traditional models of probation and parole are effective in reducing recidivism ( Bonta, Rugge, Scott, Bourgon, & Annie, 2008; Taxman, 2002, 2012 ). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)